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Geysir is a famous hot spring in the geothermal area of Haukadalur Valley, found in south-west Iceland.Making up just one of the attractions along the world-renowned Golden Circle sightseeing route, alongside and the mighty, Geysir is most well-known for having lent its name to geysers all around the world. GeographyThough Geysir itself is rarely active these days, boasts a plethora of hot springs and geysers, including the powerful, Smiður and Litli-Strokkur.Strokkur is, arguably, the country’s most famous hot spring, shooting vast jets of boiling water from 20 metres (65 feet) up to 40 metres (130 feet) high.
Don’t worry about missing this incredible spectacle of nature, as Strokkur erupts every five to ten minutes; just make sure to have your camera ready.Geysir is much larger, but years can go by between eruptions here; it is currently in an inactive phase. When it does erupt, the water can shoot up in the air as high as 70 metres (230 feet).Just a few minutes walk north of Geysir are a wealth of fumaroles emanating steam and gas into the cool Icelandic air. Aside from watching the hypnotic pillars of steam, you will also be able to observe the yellow sulphuric stains along the fumaroles themselves, a result of the earth’s minerals crystallising around the rock bed.At the southern part of the valley, Þykkuhverir, you’ll find various bubbling mud pots. These spooky brown cauldrons are actually fumaroles that boil up through the loose ground; after a dry spell, these mud pools are likely to transform into a hardened fumarole.
Another major reason as to why Þingvellir is considered so important to Icelanders is the fact that this is where the decision was made to abandon the belief of Paganism and the Norse Gods; the people adopted Christianity in 1000 AD under threat of invasion from Norway.This turning point in history was left to the pagan lawspeaker, Þorgeir Þorkelsson, who rested on the choice for one day and one night before reappearing to share his decision.To symbolise the country’s change, he threw idols of his old deities into the northern waterfall, the name of which translates to ‘Waterfall of the Gods’. Silfra FissureÞingvellir is one of the most widely visited attractions in Iceland, in large part due to the fact that it is home to the glacial spring, one of the top ten sites in the world for snorkellers and scuba divers.Silfra (meaning ‘Silver’) is a submerged ravine within the park, boasting visibility of up to 100 metres (328 feet) and a temperature just above freezing.
Participants in these tours will be attired at the Silfra carpark in neoprene hoodies and gloves, as well as an undersuit and drysuit for thermal protection. Strokkur is Iceland’s most visited active geyser. One of the three major attractions on the world-famous sightseeing route, it is usually visited alongside and.Strokkur is found in the Geysir Geothermal Area, titled after the, which lent its name to all others across the world. It is the greatest active geyser on site; Geysir itself is in a period of inactivity. Strokkur erupts more regularly than Geysir ever did, blasting water to heights of around fifteen to twenty metres every five to ten minutes, although it is known to reach up to forty metres. Strokkur and Haukadalur ValleyStrokkur is the primary feature of the and the main reason why it is one of the most visited sites in the country. While Geysir will very occasionally still erupt to enormous heights, it is nowhere near reliable enough to justify the area’s popularity.Haukadalur valley, however, has many other features that make it worth a visit.
The natural beauty of the area is shaped by the forces of the earth; fumaroles, hot-springs, mud-pits and other little geysers are littered around, and the ground itself is dyed vividly by elements such as sulfur (yellow), copper (green) and iron (red).Opposite the main geothermal area in Haukadalur Valley is a restaurant, cafe, hotel and luxury gift shop. Science behind StrokkurActive geysers like Strokkur are rare around the world, due to the fact that many conditions must be met for them to form. They are thus only found in certain parts of highly geothermal areas.The first condition that is necessary is an intense heat source; magma must be close enough to the surface of the earth for the rocks to be hot enough to boil water. Considering that Iceland is located on top of the rift valley between the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates, this condition is met throughout most of the county.Secondly, you will need a source of flowing underground water. In the case of Strokkur, this comes from the second largest glacier in the country,. Meltwater from the glacier sinks into the surrounding porous lava rock, and travels underground in all directions.Evidence of this flowing water can be found in Þingvellir National Park, where there are many freshwater springs flowing straight from the earth.Finally, you need a complex plumbing system that allows a geyser to erupt, rather than just steam from the ground like a fumarole.
Above the intense heat source, there must be space for the flowing water to gather like a reservoir. From this basin, there must be a vent to the surface. This vent must be lined with silica so that the boiling, rising water cannot escape before the eruption. Environmental Issues with StrokkurOne of the main reasons that Geysir entered a period of inactivity was due to the fact soap used to be pumped into the vents to make the eruptions more dramatic; it damaged the structure of the vent and prevented water building up. Strokkur, therefore, is guarded against all interference, with chains keeping visitors a good distance away.Unfortunately, however, there have been incidents where people have meddled with its natural state. For example, an artist called Marco Evaristti once poured food colouring into it to make the eruption pink. He defended himself by claiming that nature was open to artists to utiltise and the fact the colouring was all-natural, but he, and was arrested and fined (though never paid it).
Volcanic & Geothermal ActivityThe Reykjanes Peninsula runs along the Mid-Atlantic Rift, where the Eurasian and the North American tectonic plates are drifting apart. Due to this geological setting, the whole peninsula is extremely volcanically active, covered with lava fields, and eruptions and earthquakes are very common here.During the Middle Ages, many eruptions occurred in Reykjanes, but no eruptions have been recorded here for the last 500 years. This is simply a period of dormancy, however; they could start again at any time.Earthquakes are still common.
In 2001, one occurred beneath the lake and drained it to the extent that it lost 25 per cent of its surface area. Since then, hot springs have been bubbling beneath its surface.The main geothermal areas of Reykjanes, however, are, and Svartsengi. Various mud pools and fumaroles can be seen at Gunnuhver, while Krýsuvik is characterised by hot springs and mud pots that bestow multicoloured hues upon the soil.The green crater lake is also an impressive sight.is home to a geothermal power station that produces 76.5 MW of electricity from the 475 litres of 90° C water that gushes from the earth per second.The mineral-rich surplus water fills up.
Photo from:Viðgelmir is the largest lava tube in Iceland at 1585 metres (5200 ft) long. It is located in the country’s west, and is one of the most popular destinations for lava tubing. Geography and Geology of ViðgelmirViðgelmir is situated in the of, beneath the Hallmundarhraun lava field. It was formed during a lava flow that occurred in the area in 900 AD.Lava tubes are formed when a river of running lava cools from the outside, creating a solid shell. When the liquid lava within this flows out, a cave is left remaining.This river must have been vast, as it left the largest cave in the country. Not only is it the longest, but also its widest, with the walls 16.5 metres (54 feet) apart at one point, and the highest, which the ceiling up to 15.8 metres (52 feet) above the ground.As with many lava caves in Iceland, Viðgelmir has both lava stalactites, which come from the ceiling, and stalagmites, from the ground.
The former were formed when lava at the top part of the cave cooled as it dripped from above, and the latter indicated where this lava landed, pooled and began to stack.Unlike in limestone caves, these features never grow back if broken off, thus it is absolutely essential that you do not touch them or attempt to break them off. There are large fines for those who break these rules, and many of the more beautiful features are cordoned off. Lava Caving in ViðgelmirViðgelmir is one of the country’s most popular lava caves, and the easiest to traverse for beginners.Unlike lava caves such as on the, Viðgelmir has a paved walkway and installed lights. This means those who are less confident on their feet do not need to worry about the uneven lava or relying on their own torch.The scale of the cave also makes walking it much less challenging, as there is no crawling, stooping or clambering needed to get through.
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History of ViðgelmirViðgelmir is one of the many caves in Iceland that humans were known to have lived in.Through Iceland’s medieval period, it was a common punishment for criminals to be outlawed from society. Many of these moved into caves and lived out their lives as notorious bandits.It is very likely, considering the age of the evidence found, that this was the case in Viðgelmir. These artefacts are now kept in the National Museum of Iceland.